The Governance Types and Design Principles of Public EmergenciesBased on Multiple Case from Environmental Field

The frequent occurrence of public emergencies affects the healthy development of the economy and society, and it is of great value to discuss its governance. By selecting 30 typical cases of environmental field, and comparing and analyzing the cases in terms of actors involved, timing of intervention, mode of participation, degree of organization, efficiency of information transmission, and result of governance, this paper summarizes three types of governance of public emergencies: open interaction, passive response and closed hysteresis. The six design principles of open and interactive public emergency governance should be adhered to multiple participants, appropriate timing of intervention, high degree of organization, effective action, smooth information transfer, and improved incentive return mechanism.