Abstract: The qualitative leap of productive forces inevitably drives the systemic transformation of production relations, and ultimately manifests as a fundamental shift in the forms of human civilization. By examining the connotations and characteristics of new quality productive forces through the lens of Marxist productive forces theory, one can grasp the civilizational attributes inherent in them. In the subject dimension, laborers evolve from "subjects of labor" to "subjects of innovation," with labor increasingly approaching "freely conscious activity," thereby laying the subjective foundation of laborers for the adjustment and improvement of new-type production relations under socialist conditions. In the factor dimension, the optimized combination of new quality production factor systems gives rise to a new production network characterized by data-driven and intelligent synergy. This propels the transformation of production modes from rigid division of labor to flexible collaboration, and from enterprise-closed operation to inter-industry linkage, thus establishing a solid material and technological basis for the social possession of means of production. In the value dimension, grounded in the core of the Marxist labor theory of value, a dual analytical paradigm of "value–wealth" is constructed, which integrates the entire process of value creation, realization, and distribution, providing theoretical guidance for the establishment of distributive justice under socialism. The coordinated evolution and organic integration of these three dimensions collectively manifest the civilizational attributes of new quality productive forces. This represents a practical innovation through which socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era leads new forms of human civilization, while also injecting a contemporary vitality into Marxist political economy.