Abstract: The modernization of the industrial system is the core element and key support for advancing modernization. Building a modern industrial system is of great significance for consolidating the material and technological foundation of Chinese-style modernization. In the course of Chinese-style modernization, China’s industrial development has witnessed an expansion of practical scope from industrial construction to the “Four Modernizations”. After more than 40 years of industrial development since reform and opening up, the construction of a modern industrial system was officially proposed in the report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, serving as an important strategic arrangement to anchor the grand vision of fully building a great modern socialist country. A modern industrial system embodies the characteristics of innovativeness, subjectivity and scientificity from the three dimensions of history, comparison and the world. At present, China will continue to foster a modern industrial system underpinned by advanced manufacturing as the backbone, strong innovation capacity as the edge, resilient and secure modern industrial chains as the core, and a modern infrastructure system as the support, so as to lay a firmer foundation and inject more enduring momentum for advancing Chinese-style modernization.