Abstract: As a core governance tool in academic ecosystems, the academic evaluation system plays an orienting role in academic activities, scholars' career development, and the value of higher education. The fourfold labor alienation, forming a four-dimensional critical framework of "object-process-essence-relationship", serves as the analytical lens of this paper to dissect the alienation phenomena in academic activities within universities. By delving into the structural contradictions of current academic evaluation systems, the study reveals strong correlations between instrumental rationality, institutional power discipline, infiltration of market logic, and the lack of cultural value orientation in existing evaluation systems, and the manifestations of academic labor alienation, including the quantification of outcomes, standardization of labor processes, utilitarian value orientation, and fragmentation of academic communities. Consequently, optimization strategies are proposed across four dimensions: result evaluation, process evaluation, value-added evaluation, and comprehensive evaluation.