Abstract: Marx's theory of productive forces is a conceptual group that includes a variety of productive forces, which provides important support for the theoretical interpretation of new quality productive forces, however, there is currently a popular interpretation believing "new quality productive forces = material productive forces = labor productivity". In the key text, Marx often abbreviated labor productive forces as productive forces, and the French edition of Capital corrects the ambiguous expression, not supporting the popular view; in the theoretical intent, labor productive forces characterizes the production capacity of use value in the field of political economy, and is specified as the special productivity, the productivity of social labor and the productivity of capital, and in the field of the historical perspective, it only serves as a necessary and insufficient condition for the transmutation of relations of production. The material productive forces are generated from the exploration of the sufficient conditions for the change of relations of production, and relations of production as power relations represent the way a certain class or group makes living, determined by the classes themselves and the means of production, both of which are summarized in the material productive forces. So material productive forces determine the relations of production. Therefore, material productive forces and productive forces of labor belong to different fields, and the two are not equivalent. The interpretation of the new quality productive forces must be self-consistent with a rigorous choice between the two.