Abstract: Marx believed that humans and nature are mutual subjects and objects, as well as mutual ends and means. The relationship between humans and nature is, in essenc e, the relationship between humans and society. The capitalist system of private ownership is the root cause of the dichotomy between humans and nature in capitalist society. Marx's theory of human-nature inter-subjectivity offers a critical theoretical lens for resolving C hina's contemporary ecological governance challenges. Currently, the Chinese government, enterprises, and citizens alike face systemic dilemmas in environmental governance. Throug h Marx's inter-subjectivity framework, while the manifestations of these governance challen ges differ across stakeholders, their ontological essence remains rooted in the human-nature dualism. This theory illuminates that China's ecological governance must adhere to the di alectical unity of human-nature subject-object relations, addressing both interpersonal and societal contradictions. A harmonious governance paradigm—characterized by government-led coordination, enterprise-driven innovation, and public-engaged participation—should be inst itutionalized to achieve symbiotic coexistence between humanity and nature.