Abstract: Affected by the current industrial structure of China and the host country, the investment choices of Chinese enterprises in the countries along the Belt and Road Initiative have the characteristics of environmental sensitivity and resource seeking. When they encounter the risk factors such as the fragile ecological environment foundation, the lack of legalization of environmental protection and the involvement of the international third-party forces to incite public opinion, Chinese enterprises will inevitably face many risks caused by ecological and environmental protection. These risks are complex, diversified and comprehensive, and they are an important part of the national risks in overseas investment and operation of enterprises. It is difficult to effectively deal with these risks only by relying on enterprises themselves. Therefore, it is necessary to seek the way of governance from the two levels of state and enterprise: at the national level, we should establish an ecological environment assessment mechanism along the line of the Belt and Road, strengthen the regulation of environment protection for foreign investment, and attach importance to the output of soft power of environmental protection. At the enterprise level, we should handle the relationship well with stakeholders and improve the awareness of social responsibility for environmental protection.