Abstract: Over the past decade, China's total fertility rate has been far lower than the replacement level. This paper divides the influencing factors of fertility into economic and non-economic aspects, and investigates and analyzes the fertility willingness of permanent residents in some southern cities. The results show that residents' willingness to have children per capita is very low. The purpose of fertility has gradually changed from utilitarian needs such as "inheriting the family line" and "raising children to provide against old age" to emotional needs such as "increasing the fun of life". Both economic and non-economic factors have a great impact on residents' reproductive intention. Among the economic factors, the pressure of educational consumption expenditure is the main obstacle to fertility. Among the non-economic factors, career development, child care, fertility concept, fertility support policy and other factors have a certain impact on residents' fertility intention. In view of the low fertility desire, we should strengthen the economic support for resident families, improve the family work balance policy, and increase the supply of childcare services.