Abstract: Vaccines have the properties of public goods, which are related to thousands of households and are the basic protection for national health. There is uncertainty about the risk of vaccine damage, and perfecting the vaccine damage relief mechanism is the institutional guarantee of dispersing and sharing the risk of vaccine damage. With the intervention of enterprise vaccine liability compulsory insurance, China will form a two-subject vaccine damage relief system with government administrative compensation relief and enterprise liability insurance compensation relief. Combined with the existing problems of the two-subject vaccine damage relief system, this paper holds that we should follow the principle of "no fault" of vaccine compensation relief, improve the legal system construction, system construction, clarify the responsibility orientation of multiple subjects, strengthen the commercial insurance model, and form a vaccine damage relief mechanism in which the government, market and society share the risk.