Abstract: Marx, supported by the position of the proletariat and the historical materialism method, made an in-depth analysis of the proletariat in the capitalist private ownership and deeply elucidated the scientific socialist road of anti-poverty. Compared with Marx's era, China has had great changes in poverty causes and even poverty groups. But Marx's thinking of anti-poverty in the productivity and production relations still provides important value to anti-poverty in China. In the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Marx's anti-poverty thought has been innovatively implemented in the strategy of taking targeted measures to eliminate poverty, the battle against poverty, and alleviation for the rural poor of absolute poverty by 2020. After 2020, a long-term mechanism should be established to solve relative poverty and further advance be made towards common prosperity.