Abstract: Ecological compensation for soil and water conservation is based on its function. Through the influence on ecological factors such as geological features, soil, hydrology and vegetation, the resource development process reduces the ecological service function of soil and water conservation in resource production areas. Ecological compensation for soil and water conservation in petroleum resources development is not only a problem that "compensation for soil and water conservation" can solve. It is suggested that the guarantee mechanism for ecological compensation for soil and water conservation in petroleum resources development in China be optimized by adjusting the standards for collecting soil and water conservation compensation, improving the legal guarantee for ecological compensation for water and soil conservation, expanding the ecological compensation way of soil and water conservation, and strengthening the supervision and guarantee of ecological compensation for water and soil conservation and so on.